Electronic Access Control Systems
Why this matters
Electronic access control replaces traditional key-based entry with credentials (cards, codes, biometrics, mobile credentials). Commercial customers increasingly demand access control for audit trails, time-zone restrictions, and rapid credential management. A locksmith offering installation and service of these systems expands beyond residential into the much larger commercial market. This reference covers the major system types and design considerations.
Access control credentials
| Credential type | Notes |
|---|---|
| PIN code | Lowest cost; can be shared / forgotten |
| Magnetic stripe card | Legacy; widely available; easily copied |
| Proximity card (125 kHz) | Most common in commercial; older technology |
| Smart card (HID iCLASS, MIFARE) | Higher security; more expensive |
| Mobile credential (Bluetooth / NFC) | Modern; phone-based; growing rapidly |
| Biometric (fingerprint, face, hand) | High security; user enrollment required |
| Combination | Multiple credentials for higher security |
Each balances convenience, security, and cost.
System types
Standalone systems
Single-door systems:
- Self-contained
- Programmed locally (at the door)
- No network connectivity
- Limited user count (typically 100-500)
- Lower cost
- No audit trail (or minimal)
- Suitable for: single back door, equipment room
Examples: Kaba E-Plex, Marlok Multilok, Schlage CO Series.
Networked systems
Multi-door systems:
- Centralized management software
- Cloud or local server
- Unlimited users (system dependent)
- Audit trail (who entered when)
- Time-zone control
- Real-time alerts
- More expensive but vastly more capability
Examples:
| Brand | Typical use |
|---|---|
| HID Global (Edge) | Standard commercial |
| Lenel S2 | Mid-to-high commercial |
| Software House (C-CURE) | Enterprise |
| Genetec | Enterprise + integrated video |
| Honeywell Pro-Watch | Standard commercial |
| Schlage Engage | Lower-cost networked |
| Salto KS | Wireless networked |
| Brivo | Cloud-based; subscription |
| Kisi | Modern cloud-based; mobile credentials |
| Verkada | Cloud-based with integrated video |
The market is large with many options. Selection depends on customer needs.
Wireless vs. wired
| Aspect | Wired | Wireless |
|---|---|---|
| Installation complexity | Lower (just connect to network) | Higher (wire runs to each door) |
| Reliability | Higher (no battery concerns) | Variable (battery replacement) |
| Cost (parts) | Lower | Similar |
| Cost (installation) | Higher (wiring labor) | Lower |
| Door retrofit | More invasive | Less invasive |
| Power | From the network | Battery-powered |
| Battery life | N/A | Typically 1-2 years |
Wireless systems (Salto, Aperio, etc.) increasingly attractive for retrofits where wiring is impractical.
Door hardware
Compatible hardware for access control:
| Hardware | Notes |
|---|---|
| Electric strike | Releases the strike plate when door opens; works with existing latch |
| Electric mortise lock | Mortise lock with electronic actuation |
| Magnetic lock (maglock) | Holds the door closed via magnetism; releases when power cuts |
| Electrified panic bar / exit device | Commercial; allows free egress + controlled entry |
| Electronic deadbolt | Standalone or wireless; less common in commercial |
Each hardware type fits specific applications. Maglocks for egress doors need fail-safe operation (open during fire). Strikes for general doors.
Reader types
The reader at the door:
| Reader type | Range / use |
|---|---|
| Proximity reader (125 kHz) | Wave card at 4-6 inches |
| Smart card reader (13.56 MHz) | Closer presentation; smart card |
| Long-range reader | Vehicle access (parking gates) |
| Keypad | PIN entry |
| Biometric | Fingerprint, hand, face, iris |
| Mobile reader (Bluetooth) | Phone in pocket |
| Combination | Multiple credentials |
Reader selection drives the credential type. Some readers support multiple credentials simultaneously.
Power requirements
For access control:
- 12 V DC or 24 V DC typical
- Power supply rated for total system load
- Battery backup for emergency operation
- UPS for the controller (separate from door power)
Power distribution can add complexity. Larger systems use centralized power supplies with door-level distribution.
Code compliance
Multiple codes apply:
| Code | Relevance |
|---|---|
| IBC / IFC | Building / fire codes; egress requirements |
| NFPA 101 | Life Safety Code (fail-safe egress) |
| ADA | Accessibility requirements at controlled doors |
| HIPAA | Healthcare; audit trail requirements |
| PCI-DSS | Retail / cardholder data areas; sometimes restricted areas |
| State / local | Vary by jurisdiction |
Failed egress during fire is a documented fatality risk. Access control must allow exit always.
Egress hardware
Fail-safe vs. fail-secure:
| Mode | Behavior on power loss |
|---|---|
| Fail-safe | Releases on power loss (allows egress) |
| Fail-secure | Stays locked on power loss (door stays secure) |
Code requirements (NFPA 101):
- Exterior doors that serve as means of egress: typically must be fail-safe
- Emergency exits: must allow free egress without keys / credentials
- Interior security doors (between secure areas): may be fail-secure
For each door, the choice depends on:
- The door's role (egress required from this room?)
- The security level desired
- Code applicability
Common solution: most external doors fail-safe; high-security interior doors fail-secure.
Audit trail
The system records:
- Who entered (credential ID)
- Where (which door)
- When (date and time)
- What credential (card, PIN, mobile, etc.)
- Whether access was granted or denied
This audit trail is the key value of networked access control:
- Liability documentation
- Employee schedule verification
- Incident investigation
- Compliance reporting
Customer review of audit trails (weekly or monthly) is part of the service.
Time-zone control
Time-based access:
- Employees only enter during their shift
- Cleaning crew only at night
- Contractor only during work hours
- Public area only during business hours
Reduces unauthorized access during off-hours.
User management
For typical commercial customer:
- Add new employee → credential issued; access set per role
- Employee transfers → credential updated for new access
- Employee terminates → credential disabled immediately
- Lost credential → disable + reissue
- Periodic audits of who has what access
The administrative effort is part of the customer's responsibility. Some services include user management.
Migration from traditional locks
Common migration path:
References
- NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code)
- IBC (International Building Code)
- ADA Standards for Accessible Design
- HIPAA Privacy Rule (audit trail requirements)
- Manufacturer documentation (HID, Lenel, Salto, etc.)
- ASSA ABLOY product specifications
- Manuall internal: Smart Lock Installation, Master Key Systems, High Security Locks